Christopher Columbus

Christopher Columbus (born sometime between August 25 and October 31, 1451; died May 20, 1506) was an Italian explorer and navigator from the Republic of Genoa who led four Spanish-sponsored voyages across the Atlantic. Backed by Spain’s Catholic Monarchs, his expeditions helped open the way for sustained European exploration and colonization of the Americas. They are also the earliest well-documented European voyages to the Caribbean and to parts of Central and South America.

“Christopher Columbus” is the English form of the Latin Christophorus Columbus. Raised along the Ligurian coast, he went to sea young and traveled widely—north to the British Isles and south to West Africa (in what is now Ghana). He lived for years in Lisbon and married the Portuguese noblewoman Filipa Moniz Perestrelo, with whom he had a son, Diego. Later, he had a relationship with Beatriz Enríquez de Arana in Castile; they had a son, Ferdinand.

Mostly self-taught, Columbus studied geography, astronomy, and history and became convinced he could reach the East Indies by sailing west, aiming to profit from the spice trade. After years of lobbying European courts, he finally won support from Queen Isabella I and King Ferdinand II. In August 1492 he sailed from Castile with three ships and made landfall in the Americas on October 12, reaching an island in today’s Bahamas called Guanahani by its Indigenous inhabitants. He then traveled to Cuba and Hispaniola and helped establish a colony in what is now Haiti. Returning to Spain in early 1493, he brought captive Indigenous people and news that quickly spread across Europe.

Over three later voyages, Columbus explored additional Caribbean islands, reached Trinidad and the northern coast of South America, and sailed along the eastern coast of Central America. He called the peoples he encountered indios (“Indians”), and it remains unclear how fully he understood that these lands were separate from Asia; he never clearly abandoned his belief that he had reached the Far East. As governor in the Spanish colonies, he faced accusations of severe brutality and misrule, was arrested, and was removed from Hispaniola in 1500. His disputes with the Castilian Crown dragged on in court for years, including lawsuits pursued by his heirs.

Columbus’s voyages marked the start of centuries of conquest and colonization and intensified exchange between the Old World and New World—later termed the Columbian Exchange. At the same time, disease, enslavement, and violent exploitation devastated Caribbean Indigenous communities, especially the Taíno, contributing to Columbus’s deeply contested legacy.